Introduction: The ethical dimensions of agriculture need to be explored, distinguishing between ethics in agriculture and ethics of agriculture. Ethics in agriculture is traditionally based on abstract moral theory, formulated through logical reasoning, but often found inadequate to address the complex ethical challenges within agriculture due to its abstract nature and lack of practical visibility. Conversely, ethics of agriculture is approached within a context-specific FRAMEWORK derived from the research topic with the aim of providing more tailored solutions. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the relevant literature is conducted, using a descriptive-analytical approach to provide a conceptual FRAMEWORK for understanding agricultural ethics. Conclusion: The article highlights the critical need for a comprehensive ethical FRAMEWORK to address the multifaceted ethical challenges in the agricultural sector. The importance of analyzing and resolving ethical dilemmas at all stages of agriculture is underscored in order to align practices with human ideals and to ensure ethical decision-making by stakeholders involved in agriculture.

The need for oil and natural gas as a major source of energy is vital. On the one hand, it has affected the political and economic equations at the international, regional and national level. On the other hand, it has had negative effects on sociocultural, legal, and environmental aspects as well as on the physical and mental health of human beings. Therefore, the need to provide an environmental policy that addresses the various dimensions of the oil and gas industry will be necessary. The present paper aims to set up a conceptual model of environmental policy for sustainable development in the oil and gas industries of the Kurdistan Region through the use of these 6 components: political, economic, sociocultural, technological, legal and environmental. It will also be using the techniques of PESTLE, SWOT, SPACE, FANP, FDEMATEL, and simulation with the VENSIM software. The results show the weights of the criteria respectively are Political; 1. 59, Economic; 0. 78, Sociocultural; 0. 00, Legal;-0. 99, Technological;-0. 61 and Environmental;-0. 70. So that all components are important, but that political and economic factors have a significant influence on environmental policies and oil and gas industries. Sociocultural components have a neutral role and the technological, legal and environmental components are impressible. Finally, fifteen strategies for the formulation of an effective environmental policy in the oil and gas industry were presented.

In this paper, effective factors, obstacles and various models of commercialization have been identified in ICT companies globally and Finally, has been proposed based on the PESTLE model, a native model for technology commercialization in domestic companies. The results of this study showed that all six factors of PESTLE model are effective on technology commercialization; the most important effective factor is economics and the least effective factor is legislation. Also, sequentially, the most important factors affecting the commercialization of technology are specific laws in the IT industry, technology transfer and licensing, technological maturity, access to raw materials and energy, interest rates, consumers' attitude to goods and services, government allocation, outsourcing Technology, Immigration, Ethical Issues, New Product Development, Prospects for Future Policies, Income Distribution, Internal Economic Situation, and Intellectual Property Rights.

There are two approaches for simulating memory as well as learning in artificial intelligence; the functionalistic approach and the cognitive approach. The necessary condition to put the second approach into account is to provide a model of brain activity that contains a quite good congruence with observational facts such as mistakes and forgotten experiences. Given that human memory has a solid core that includes the components of our identity, our family and our hometown, the major and determinative events of our lives, and the countless repeated and accepted facts of our culture, the more we go to the peripheral spots the data becomes flimsier and more easily exposed to oblivion. It was essential to propose a model in which the topographical differences are quite distinguishable. In our proposed model, we have translated this topographical situation into quantities, which are attributed to the nodes. The result is an edge-weighted graph with mass-based values on the nodes which demonstrates the importance of each atomic proposition, as a truth, for an intelligent being. Furthermore, it dynamically develops and modifies, and in successive phases, it changes the mass of the nodes and weight of the edges depending on gathered inputs from the environment.

The aim of this research is creating a mesoporous structure in the MFI zeolite membrane layer and increase the pores diameter in order to increase the water permeability. The mesoporous structure was created by adding carbon black to the synthesis solution of the membrane in the in-situ hydrothermal method. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Berner-Emmett-Taylor (BET) and nitrogen gas permeability tests were used to characterize and the water permeation test was used to investigate the performance. The results showed the successful synthesis of the MFI zeolite membrane layer with proper crystallinity on the α-alumina support with the thickness of about 15 µm and the pore size between 4.5-20 nm, so that the largest amount of meso-pores had a diameter of 7.4 nm. The diameter of the pores has increased by 10 times compared to the synthesis without the presence of carbon black. The results of the water permeation test showed that increasing the the pores diameter using carbon black could increase the water flux of the membrane (26 L/m2.hr) up to 14-75 times compared to microporous membranes (0.35-1.74 L/m2.hr). Investigating the water flux of the membrane for water containing dissolved solids showed that the water flux of the mesoporous membrane (12 L/m2.hr) is still higher than the microporous membranes after 2 hr.

The ability of the urban population to maintain a competitive position in a particular region among other cities is aimed at improving the quality of life of major issues for development. In fact, the goal of urban competitiveness is to create a FRAMEWORK in which both firms and society can compete at a time and in society they will boom and prosper. The present research tries to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the competitiveness of Tabriz city using descriptive-analytical method and the location of each of the components and indicators of urban competitiveness. Therefore, two levels of urban environment, including environmental factors and internal factors influencing competitiveness of Tabriz city, were identified. PESTLE analysis was used to identify external factors opportunities and threats were categorized in six economic, social, political, technological, legal, and environmental fields and identifying internal factors by studying the views of different scientists and using the Delphi technique in four categories human, organizational, physical and economic factors were classified. After defining the components, the factors were mutually matched to the ranking and extraction of each other by Mic Mac and believing modes in the competitiveness of Tabriz city was formulated with a futuristic approach. To identify possible states among believable futures a total of 40 graduates and executive directors were selected through scoring using Likert scale. There were 28 possible scenarios. The results show that among the four scenarios of desirable situations, improvement, warning and crisis improvement scenario with a score of 62. 8 is more compatible with the competitiveness of Tabriz city. In this scenario, attention to research and development and its linkage with economic sectors, having relatively stable security to increase the attraction of skilled workers, changes in the economy of the region due to industrial activity and the activation of several industrial towns in the urban area, and encouragement, support and facilitation of entrepreneurship by the government and increased investment by the private sector, it focuses on the city.

Despite the fact that mangrove forests provide multiple ecosystem services including provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural services, they are among the ecosystems at risk due to high human demand for livelihoods through activities such as aquaculture, agriculture, and over-extraction of resources. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the threats to mangrove forests in Iran. To do this, scientific sources including organizational reports and plans, theses, books, and articles published in various reputable journals were first reviewed. Then, the identified pressure factors were differentiated in terms of pressure and driver, and divided into two groups of internal weaknesses and external threats. Finally, these weakness and threat factors were classified using the PESTLE technique into different social, economic, Political-managerial, technological, legal, and environmental groups. The results showed that 12 pressure factors identified from seven driver groups are the most important threat factors for mangrove forests. Additionally, development deficiencies are the most threatening macro-trend for mangrove forests. In addition, the PESTLE model results showed that the majority of threats to the country's mangrove habitats are caused by managerial and economic factors, and external threats significantly dominate the internal weaknesses. This article can help increase public awareness about the importance and condition of this natural ecosystem. This action empowers officials and experts to better understand the challenges and put more effective protection and conservation measures on the agenda.

In the third millennium and the urban world, achievement to development requires cities that they were mentioned as development engine until a few decades ago and today, they are introduced as knowledge-based cities. Such cities have a kind of economy based on knowledge and sustainable cities that their citizens live in comfort. In other words, a knowledge-based city is one aiming to achieve wisdom-based development. This important issue is done by creating, dividing, updating, and measuring knowledge continuously. In order to achieve to this purpose, citizens’ constant interaction from one hand, and interaction among them and people in other cities or urban economy from other hand is necessary. In the meantime, industrial cities, as economically and demographically important places, are very important since they are alternatives to achieve to knowledge- based cities because of their direct relationship with technology, science, job creation, and revenue creation. Thus, this research tries to evaluate feasibility of industrial cities to achieve to knowledge-based development with the aim of multiple analyses socially, economically, environmentally, institutionally etc. of industrial cities. Thus, city of arak, as one of the industrial hubs in the country, was investigated. Research methodology was descriptive- analytical by using decision-making techniques of SWOT and PESTLE. In this regard, it has been tried in this research to examine indicators of knowledge-based city in Arak, to realize abilities and limitations of city of arak by using strategic planning techniques and evaluating status, to investigate whether industrial cities, such as Arak, have necessary potential to become knowledge- based city, and to determine strategies to achieve to knowledge- based city. The findings indicated that city of Arak is able to become a knowledge- based city.